May 24, 2009

Pakistan on the Brink
Ahmed Rashid has a great article in the New York Review of Books, although I would have two points of contention:

As a lesser point, I would challenge his assessment behind the elections - while the possibility of using the elections as a pivot point certainly existed (and was lost) the idea that these were issues-based elections rather than another turn at the dynastic wheel is a bit much.

Secondly, I would disagree with the standard (Western) trope that there is no Pakistani nationalism. There certainly is (as he implies but never states) a core problem with Pakistani patriotism: the founding effort to create a religious nationalism has failed to gel and the chronic lack of leadership and governance (vice control) has prevented Pakistan from ever defining a positive sense of nationalism. Pakistanis, both educated and otherwise, define their country in opposition to Indian aggression, perceived imperial ambitions of external powers, fair-weather friends (ie, the US), and a fierce merchantilism and latent xenophobia - a chip on the national shoulder coming from never being comfortable in their own self image. While separatist movements certainly exist, they have never been truly threatening to the state (until perhaps now, although this too is debated), but these movements find strength in this national ambiguity and Pakistani interlocutors all too regularly point to and amplify the threat for the same reasons.

Pakistan continues to see Indian aggression as the primary existential threat, with loss of territory/succession as secondary threats. The real risk - what Ahmed Rashid outlined as no mass revolutionary uprising or storming of the citadels but a long smoldering anarchy and dwindling of the state - doesn't even register in the national conscious. This is why the threat is so often ignored and, when the Army occasionally, reluctantly, moves against what they see as the threat of a Pashtunistan succession, they launch a traditional state-on-state war with artillery being used against civilian targets in mountain villages.